Genetic Discovery Identifies Traits That Make Dogs Natural Herders

Two life scientists from Gyeongsang National University and a geneticist from the National Institutes of Health have pinpointed the genetic basis for the herding instincts in dogs. In their study, published in Science Advances, Hankyeol Jeong, Elaine Ostrander, and Jaemin Kim conducted whole-genome sequencing and compared the genetic traits of herding breeds with non-herding breeds to identify the genes linked to characteristics typically seen in herding dogs.

Past research and extensive breeding have shaped a wide variety of physical, emotional, and intellectual traits in dog breeds. Herding dogs, in particular, are known for their intelligence, social nature, obedience, fine motor skills, and a drive to chase without harming. This new research aimed to identify the specific gene variants responsible for these traits. The team sequenced the genomes of 12 herding breeds and 91 non-herding breeds to find genetic differences related to herding behavior.

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Using the NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog, a human gene database, the researchers performed enrichment analysis to pinpoint canine genes linked to herding traits. They discovered that a gene called EPHB1, which has been associated with spatial memory, showed significant variation between herding and non-herding breeds.
The study also highlighted the diversity among herding dogs, noting that different breeds use various tactics and skills to herd. For example, droving dogs are considered a subgroup within the herding category. The team focused on the Border Collie, widely regarded as one of the most intelligent breeds and one of the best herders, due to its exceptional herding abilities.

While the primary goal was to better understand dog behavior, the researchers also aimed to explore how gene variants influence behavioral traits in animals and humans alike.